English Grammar
Adverbs of Manner
Overview | Degree | Duration | Frequency | Place | Probability | Time | Comparative | Superlative
Often these adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the end of an adjective.
Adjectives ending -l add -ly ; careful-carefully.
Adjectives ending -y change to -ily ; lucky-luckily
Adjectives ending -ble change to -bly ; responsible-responsibly
| adjective | adverb |
| anxious | anxiously |
| bad | badly |
| beautiful | beautifully |
| capable | capably |
| lucky | luckily |
| quick | quickly |
| weak | weakly |
The little girl ran quickly. In this sentence quickly modifies the verb ran (to run).
English Grammar
Adverbs of Frequency
Overview | Degree | Duration | Manner | Place | Probability | Time
Comparative | Superlative
Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something is done. These include; always, constantly, continually, frequently, infrequently, intermittently, normally, occasionally, often, periodically, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, . . . For example:
I always do my homework on time. - In this sentence always shows us the frequency.
She goes out occasionally. - In this sentence occasionally shows us the frequency.
| Most frequent | always |
| | constantly |
| | nearly always |
| | almost always |
| | usually |
| | generally |
| | normally |
| | regularly |
| | often |
| | frequently |
| | sometimes |
| | periodically |
| | occasionally |
| | now and then |
| | once in a while |
| | rarely |
| | seldom |
| | infrequently |
| | hardly ever |
| | scarcely ever |
| | almost never |
| Least frequent | never |
| Every day | = | Daily |
| Every week | = | Weekly |
| Ever fortnight (two weeks) | = | Fortnightly |
| Every month | = | Monthly |
| Every year | = | Yearly/Annually |
I get a newspaper every day. = I get the newspaper daily.
I pay my rent every month. = I pay my rent monthly.
English Grammar
Conditionals / The If Clause
The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something else. The two most common conditionals are real and unreal, they are sometimes called if-clauses.The real conditional (often named 1st Conditional or Conditional Type I) describes situations based on fact.
The unreal conditional (often named 2nd Conditional or Conditional Type II) describes unreal or imaginary situations.
There is also what we call the 3rd conditional (often named Conditional Type III), used to express no possibility of something having happened in the past, and the 0 conditional (often called the zero conditional), used to express absolute certainty.
Unless you are studying English to pass an exam or test don't try to remember the types, just learn the structure so that you know how to express the meaning conveyed by each type.
Note! If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma:
1st Conditional / Conditional 1
The first conditional is used to express situations based on fact in the present or future (things which may happen).
Uses the simple present tense:-Formation
| (IF Clause) | (Main Clause) |
| If I see you tomorrow, | I will buy you a drink. |
| (Main Clause) | (IF Clause) |
| I will buy you a drink | if I see you tomorrow. |
Formation
| (IF Clause) | (Main Clause) |
| Unless you hand in your homework, | I won't mark it. |
| means | |
| If you don't hand in your homework, | I won't mark it. |
| (Main Clause) | (IF Clause) |
| I won't mark your homework | unless you hand it in. |
| means | |
| I won't mark your homework | if you don't hand it in. |
For example:
- If I have time today, I will phone my friend. = I will phone my friend, if I have time today. (It is possible that I will have time - therefore the condition is real).
- If I go to
English Grammar
Conditional 2 / 2nd Conditional / Conditional II
The 2nd conditional is used to express unreal situations in the present or future. Often used to express a wish.Uses the simple past tense:-
Formation
| (IF Clause) | (Main Clause) |
| If I won the lottery, | I would buy a new house. |
| (Main Clause) | (IF Clause) |
| I would buy a new house | if I won the lottery. |
For example:
· If I were you, I wouldn't do that. = I wouldn't do that, if I were you. (I am not you - therefore the condition is unreal).
· If I had more time, I would do more on my websites. = I would do more on my websites, if I had more time. (I don't have more time - therefore the condition is unreal).
English Grammar
Conditional 3 / 3rd Conditional / Conditional III
Used to express conditions in the past that did not happen. Often used to express criticism or regret with would have, could have or should have.Uses the past perfect tense:-
Formation
| (IF Clause) | (Main Clause) |
| If I had worked harder, | I would have passed my exam. |
| If I had worked harder, | I could have passed my exam. |
| If I had worked harder, | I should have passed my exam. |
| (Main Clause) | (IF Clause) |
| I would have passed my exam | if I had worked harder. |
| I could have passed my exam | if I had worked harder. |
| I should have passed my exam | if I had worked harder. |
For example:
- If I hadn't helped you, you would have failed. = You would have failed, if I hadn't helped you. (I helped you so you didn't fail).
- If it had been sunny, we could have gone out. = We could have gone out, if it had been. (We didn't go out because it wasn't sunny).
Conditional 0 / Zero Conditional
The conditional 0 is used to express general truths and facts (often things based on scientific fact).
Uses the simple present tense:-Formation
| (IF Clause) | (Main Clause) |
| If you heat water to 100°C, | it boils. |
| (Main Clause) | (IF Clause) |
| Water boils | if you heat it to 100°C, |
- If you drop an apple, it falls. = An apple falls, if you drop it. (This is an absolute truth based on scientific fact - gravity).
- If you don't do your homework, I will be disappointed. = I will be disappointed, if you don't do your homework. (This is a general truth based on previous knowledge - you know that I am disappointed if people don't do their homework).
English Grammar
Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction, also called a coordinator, links parts of a sentence. This could be two independent (main) clauses, two noun phrases, adjectives, adverbials etc of equal importance.They include: for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so,
There's a mnemonic for remembering them: FANBOYS.
For example:-
It was cold. I wore a coat.
Both sentences are valid on their own, but they can be written so that they're obviously linked; "It was cold, so I wore a coat."
The three most used coordinating conjunctions are and, or, and but.
The coordinating conjunction and usually expresses addition or combination.
For example:-
I attended the meeting. + My friend attended the meeting. = My friend and I attended the meeting.
The coordinating conjunction but expresses a contrast.
We were tired. + We were happy. = We were tired but happy.
The coordinating conjunction or expresses choice.
For example:-
Would you like tea? + Would you like coffee? = Would you like tea or coffee?
There are two negative coordinating conjunctions: neither and nor.
For example:-
She spoke neither German nor French. ("nor" must always be part of the "neither ... nor" construction).
!Note – no
English Grammar
Subordinating Conjunctions
r, for, and so can only join independent clauses.A subordinating conjunction, also called a subordinator, joins a dependent / subordinate clause to a main verb. They are used to show any relationship between them and they turn the clause into something that is dependant on the rest of the sentence for its meaning.
For example:-
Because it was snowing ... makes no sense on its own.
We went skiing, because it was snowing. Aha!
Be warned, there are a lot of them.
Subordinating conjunctions include: after, although, because, before, if, in case, so that, therefore, unless, when, while ...
For example:
Before you came here, you thought you understood English grammar.
We left the party when the police arrived.
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