DENNIS AGISTA: Kind of Text

Spoof

Spoof has a social function. It retells an event with a humorous twist.
The generic (schematic) structure of a spoof text is below:
1. Orientation : sets the scene
2. Event(s) : tell what happened
3. Twist : provide the punch line
language features:
· focus on individual participants
· use of material processes
· circumstances of time and place
· use of past tense

Notes:
Material processes are verbs that show activities which can be seen, e.g. write, eat, walk etc
Material processes consist of DOING and HAPPENING.
DOING : create, make, build, develop, send, throw, strew, pour, dissolve etc
HAPPENING : move, fall, rise, come, go, soften, harden, melt etc
See the example of a spoof text below:
The plane was late and detectives waited at the airport all morning. They expected a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa. A few hours earlier, someone had told the police that thieves would try to steal the diamonds. When the plane arrived some of detectives waited inside the main building while others waited on the airfield. Two men took the parcel off the plane and carried into the Custom House. While two detectives kept guard at the door, two others opened the parcel. To their surprise, the precious parcel was full of stones and sand!
Read the other example of spoof text!

Green, Pink and Yellow
Orientation:
Can you name the colors in English? Yes, you are right. They are blue, red, yellow, green, white, brown, purple, black and so on. I have a funny story about the colours. Do you want to know it? ok let me tell you.
Events:
One day, an English teacher talked about colours to his students. After he had been explaining, he asked his students, “Who can make a sentence using the word, Green, Pink and Yellow?”
James, the smartest student in the class quickly raised his hand and answered, “When the yellow morning Sun comes, I see a beautiful girl wearing a pink clothe walking through the green grass”.
“Excellent. James, you are a very good student” the teacher said.
Twist:
“Me, me Sir”. Johny, the lazy student in the class said while raising his hand. And then

he said, “I heard telephone ringing green, green, then I pink up the receiver and I said, “Yellow, who is speaking there?

Now read again the concept of spoof text!
Purpose : to tell an event with a humorous twist
Text organization

orientation : (who were involved in the story, when, and where)
Events : (tell what happened in chronological order)
Twist : (provide the funniest part of the story)
Language features:
· The use of action verbs
(e.g. walked, laughed, ran away etc)
· The use of connectives
(e.g. first. Then, finally etc)
· The use of adverbial phrases of time and place
(e.g. in the garden, two days ago)
· The use of the simple past tense
(e.g. he walked away from the village

NARRATIVE TEXT

A narrative is a type of spoken or written text that tells a story of one character or more who face certain situations. There are various kinds of narratives such as fairy stories, mysteries, science fictions, romance, horror, etc. This type of text can be found in short story books, magazines, novels, movies etc. Narrative is popular because they present a plot which consists of complications and resolutions. They make people feel curious and anxious with the ends of the stories. The generic structure of narrative usually has four components (but the one is optional): (1) Orientation, (2) Complication (3) Resolution and (4) Re-orientation (it is optional).

A.Generic Structure of Narrative

1. Orientation : sets the scene and introduces the participants (characters) of the
story, the time and place the story happened (Who, what, when
and where)
2. Complication : a crisis arises. A series of events in which the main character
Attempts to solve the problem
3. Resolution : the crisis is resolved, for better or worse
4. Re-orientation: it is optional. The ending of story. It sometimes contains the –
solution
B. Generic Features
1.A narrative focuses on specific participants.
2.There are many action verbs, verbal and mental processes
3.Direct and indirect speeches are often used
4.It usually uses Past Tense
5.Linking words are used, related with time
6.There are sometimes some dialog and the tense can change
7.Descriptive language is used to create listener’s or reader’s imagination
8.Temporal conjunctions are also used.
Now read this text of narrative!

When Love is Blind

Orientation:

There was once a beautiful girl living in a city. She was known as Shinta, a nice and friendly girl. She studied at a popular senior high school in the city. She always followed the trend of young people life style. She got dressed as how the trend was at the time. In her idea, western modern life was the ideal model for all people. She thought that everybody should be free to do anything he or she liked.
She had a handsome boyfriend, Deo. Having a boy or girl friend was like a must for the young people in the city. Parent’s advice to get away from western culture was considered as old-fashioned.
Shinta loved his boyfriend very much. On Saturday evening they made a date, going to a theatre, café or party. Shinta’s parents were worried about her. They have warned her but she ignored them.
She thought, “Though my parents don’t agree with me, the show must go on. I love him very much. Whatever happens to me, I will face it”. Yes love was blind. She got blind. Since then, she often quarreled with her father and mother. She became uncontrolled. She more often went out at night with the boyfriend. But, her parents could do nothing but only wait, see and pray.
Complication:
Days went by. One morning, Shinta got a serious stomachache and wanted to throw up. She got dizzy; she went to the bathroom and threw up some contents of her stomach. Shinta was very worried. “Am I getting pregnant?” she asked herself. Her worries grew stronger until she decided to buy a pregnancy tester in a shop. She tested her urine. And … what a shock! The tester showed a positive pregnancy. Shinta got fainted in her room for some minutes. She was very afraid that her mother knew what happened.
Shinta tried to hide her pregnancy. Her face got pale every day and looked unhealthy. She tried to contact Deo. Knowing her girlfriend got pregnant; he was also frustrated and didn’t want to admit that he was the father of the baby. He tried to avoid meeting Shinta. He was not responsible for the consequence. He asked her to abort the baby, but she refused.
The stomach became bigger and bigger, but she was successful to hide it from other’s sight. She was very depressed, and more and more. Four months later, in one evening, when she could no longer be able to keep the burden, she decided to do abortion. In her bedroom, she took a chair and jumped from it to the floor. When her feet touched the floor, a bloody clod of a red fetus covered with placenta was dropped, cried and move several seconds, then stopped moving. The blood was running out of her skirt, making the floor wet. Shinta could see what happened in front of her eyes, didn’t know what to do. She tried to stand up. But then she got unconscious.
The next day, in the morning when she didn’t get out of the room, Shinta’s mother called her name several times. No answer made the mother open the room door and looked inside. She saw blood everywhere in the floor and walls. The horror was shocking her when she found her daughter lying near the dead small fetus. She was upset but could control herself.
Resolution:

Shinta’s mother quickly took her to the hospital. But, it’s too late. On the way Shinta died before she got a help. On the same day, the news about Shinta spread throughout the city.
Written by Cahyono
To make it clear, please remember the concept of narrative below:
Purpose:
To amuse or entertain
To deal with actual or imaginative experiences in different ways
Text Organization of Narrative
Orientation
Complication
Resolution
Language Features of Narrative

Focus on specific and individualized participants
The use of material process (action verbs)
The use of some behavioral and verbal processes
The use of relational and mental processes
The use of past tenses
The use of temporal conjunctions and circumstances

Discussion text
A discussion text is a kind of text to present at least two points of view about an issue. The function is to explore various perspectives before coming to an informed decision. Besides, to present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (‘for’ points and ‘against’ points)
The structure usually consists of three components. They are:

1. Issue, an opening statement presenting the issue
2. Arguments for (pro) and arguments against (contra) or statement of different point of view about an issue (point and elaboration), and
3. Conclusion or recommendation
a discussion text focuses on generic human and generic non-human participants.
Language features:
1. The use of general nouns
e.g. abortion, formalin, alcohol, smoking, cloning etc
2. The use of relating verbs
e.g. is, am, are etc
3. The use of thinking verbs
e.g. think, feel, hope, believe etc
4. The use of additive connectives
e.g. in addition, furthermore, besides etc.
5. The use of contrastive connectives
e.g. although, even if, nevertheless etc
6. The use of causal connectives
e.g. because, because of, due to etc
7. The use of modalities
e.g. must, perhaps, should etc
8. The use of adverb of manner
e.g. hopefully, deliberately etc
Now read this example of discussion text!
The Advantages and the Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
Issue:
Nuclear energy is commonly offered as an alternative to overcome the crisis of energy. The debate of whether the use of nuclear energy is an appropriate choice has not come to an end. Some people agree with the utilization of it because of its benefits. Some others, however, disagree because of its risks to the environment.
Argument ‘pro’:
Those who agree with the operation of nuclear reactors usually argue that nuclear energy is the only feasible choice to answer the ever-increasing energy needs. In their opinion, the other sources of energy: oil, coal, and liquid natural gas are not renewable and safe, while nuclear energy can be sustainable when produced in a safe way.
Argument "contra":
However, people who disagree with the use of nuclear energy point out that the waste of nuclear products can completely destroy the environment and human lives. A meltdown in a reactor, for example, usually results in the contamination of the surrounding soil and water. Take for example, the blow up of the nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station in Russia twenty years ago. The serious contamination imperiled people and the environment severely.
conclusion:
It is obvious that nuclear energy should be avoided because it really endangers the environment but what about a less polluted energy instead of nuclear energy? Is there any alternative energy to overcome the crisis of energy?
To make you clear about discussion text, read the Short Description about Discussion Text!
Social Function:
To present (at least) two points of view about an issue.
Generic structure:
1. issue
consists of statement and preview
2. arguments for (pro) and against (contra) or statements of different point of view
consists of point and elaboration
3. conclusion or recommendation
significant language features:
· focus on generic human and non human participants
· use of material processes (e.g has produced, have developed, to feed, etc), relational processes (e.g. could have, cause, are), and mental processes (e.g . feel, think, etc).
· use comparative, contrastive and consequential conjunction

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive texts are the texts which are used to describe about a particular place, person or thing. Descriptions are almost the same as report text. A descriptive text focuses on a specific thing and its specific features. A report usually deals with things in general. Descriptions can be used in textbook, encyclopedias, scientific magazines, historical texts, factual reading book, magazines etc
A. Generic Structure of Descriptive text

1. Identification : identifies the phenomenon to be described
2. Description of Features : describes features in order of importance

• Parts/ things, it is about physical appearance
• Qualities, it can be the degree of beauty, excellence, value or worth
• Characteristic, it can be prominent aspects that are unique
NOTES:
1. Difference between descriptive and reports can be seen as follow: descriptive texts talk about one specific person, place or thing, e.g. “My Car” and reports classify and describe a whole class of thing, e.g. “Cars” (in general). In short, reports deal with general classification and description of thing while descriptive texts describe a particular thing.
2.The description can cover the facts about various aspects of an object (parts, colour, shape, habits, behaviour, personalities etc
B.Generic Features of Descriptive
1.Descriptive texts usually use Simple Present Tense
2.Frequent use of Passive sentences.
3.Use of be (is, am, are, was, were) for the identification and showing qualities
4.Use of verb “Have” (have, has, had) in order to give detail description of the object’s features.
5.Use of action verbs related to the topic, especially when describing behaviours or personalities (for persons)
6.Use of adjectives in describing especially the qualities.
Now read these texts of Descriptive!

Lesser Slow Loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus)

Identification:
The Lesser Slow Loris is a Mammal which can clampo onto branches for long period of time. To help it do this, the Loris has a network of blood vessels, called rate mirabile in its forearms and shanks.
Description of physical features:
It is a small mammal which is 7-10 in long (175-250 mm) and can weigh as musch as 12 ounces or 340 grams. Being nocturnal the Loris has large round eyes. The Loris has no tail but has broad grasping feet. On its second toe it has a sharp claw. It also has an enlarge thumb and a reduced index finger.
The Lesser Slow Loris is a plump animal with soft, thick fur ranging in color from light brown-grey to deep reddish-brown with a dark stripe down the back and neck. It has a long snout with comb like front teeth which are used in grooming.
Description of habitat, floor and behaviour It is found in Southern Asia, Vietnam, Borneo and Sumatra. As it is tree-living, it is restricted to tropical rain forest. The diet of the Loris is made up fruit and leaves, tender shoots, insect, birds, small mammals and reptiles. It is nocturnal and sleeps by day rolled up in a ball.
Description of interesting features:
The Loris is a solitary animal which belongs to the family of Lorisidea bush baby and potto. It is very slow but deliberate climber. An interesting fact about the Lesser Slow Loris is that it has a single-note whistle.
Read This Text of Descriptive !

Around Bali

Identification:
Bali, the fabled “Island of the Gods” has been enchanting visitors for centuries with its rich cultural traditions and spectacular panoramas.
description:
Bali offers many things, from lofty, mist enshrouded volcanoes and cool mountain lakes down through terraced rice fields to a golden strand lapped by azure waters, every square inch of Bali offers a fresh and unforgettable image.
description:
No less enchanting are its people. Some 2,7 million souls whose artistry and piety are recognized throughout the world. Balinese Hinduism, a complex fusion of Indian cosmology, Tantric Buddism and homegrown mythology, is the primary faith of Bali’s inhabitants, and so deeply woven into the fabric of their daily lives that the line between the spiritual and the material is blurry at best.

HORTATORY EXPOTITION
A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1) Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.
A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition
1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern
2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments
B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition
1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.

Now read this text of Hortatory Exposition!

A Campaign of the Importance of Reading

Thesis:
Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people haven’t realized the importance of reading
Argument 1
Reading is important to transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the world. He or she will understand what he doesn’t see by himself or herself. The lines of the paragraphs in an article contain pieces of knowledge. The knowledge is needed to improve the quality of human’s life. Technology transformation from other country can only be done by reading a lot various sources of literature. Valuable books in libraries and bookstores mean nothing if they are not read.
Argument 2

Realizing the importance of reading will make someone motivated to read. When we know that something is very important because it can give us valuable information, we will try to get or do the thing. For example, a businessman who always follows latest information or news, will know what to do in his/ her business. He will make a good decision to make a transaction. Most people in all developed countries have realized the importance or reading and they have good reading habits. In bus and train stations, vehicles, waiting rooms, parks, people like reading. They enjoy reading which gives them valuable knowledge and inspiration.
Argument 3
A good understanding toward the importance of reading can be achieved by well organized and effective campaign. To plant an understanding in a generation’s minds is not an easy job. It needs a hard work from all components of the nation, especially the government. A serious campaign which is organized by the central and local government can help common people wake up and stand to face the real competition. The campaign can be done through various kinds of mass media such as TV, radio, booklets, bulletins, newspapers, magazines. It can also be conducted by teachers, parents and all people who care.
Recommendation
Therefore, a nation-wide effective campaign of the importance of reading by all components of the nation should be done, facilitated by the government, to face the tighter competition. The world has forced globalization. Those people with little knowledge will be left behind. To speed up the better change in this country, a good reading habit is really important.Written by Cahyono

Read this text of Hortatory exposition!

Corruption

Thesis
(Announcement of issue concern)
Do you know what the meaning of corruption is? What is the relation between money and corruption? Well, corruption is common everywhere in the world, even in the United States. It’s just a matter of intensity. However, it is quite shocking when one reliable survey claims Jakarta as the most corrupt place in Indonesia.
Argument 1
The survey has made me sad, actually, because I stay and earn a living here in the capital. As most people know, Tanjung Priok port smuggling is not a new thing at all. Entrepreneurs who want to minimize their tax payments tend to do such a thing more often. They even bribe the officials.
Argument 2
Well, I think the measures taken so far to overcome the problem by punishing the corruptors is still not far enough. We have to prevent the younger generations from getting a bad mentality caused by corruption.
Recommendation
I believe we should start at the earliest stages in school and I think everyone should be involved in the effort to eradicate corruption. We must not make any distinction.
Adapted from: The Jakarta Post, February 2005
To make it clear, please remember the concept of Hortatory exposition below:

HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose : to persuade the readers or listeners that something should or should not be the case.
Text Organization
A thesis
Arguments
Recommendation
Language Features:
•The use of emotive words (e.g. worried, alarmed etc)
•The use of words that qualify statements (e.g. usual, probably etc)
•The use of words that link arguments (e.g. firstly, However, therefore etc)
•The use of compound and complex sentence
•The use of modals and adverbs (e.g. may, must, should, etc)
•The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

News Item is used to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. We often find it in a newspaper because the passage often tells the readers about great, important, interesting, tragic, entertaining or fresh incident or events that all people should know about it

Study the notes on news item below!

Social function/ aim or purpose of the text:

To inform the readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:

· Newsworthy event(s): recount the event in summary form

· Background event(s): elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances

· Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event

Significant language features:

· Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

· Uses of material processes to retell the event. (mental process is ….)

· Use of projecting verbal process in sources stage

· Focus on circumstances

Now read the example of news item text!

Jakarta: the spreading of Lapindo hot mudflow post explosion of Pertamina’s gas pipe forced the residents of Kedungbendo and Renokenongo villages to evacuate.

The mudflow also flooded half of the Tanggulangin anggun Sejahtera housing complex in Sidoarjo. Mudflow of more than half a meter in depth flooded 66, 0448 houses in this complex.

“The residents were evacuate to Pasar baru, which was previously a shelter for 2, 605 families whose houses were flooded by mudflows”, said Syaiful Illah, a deputy regent of Sidoarjo, yesterday (16 november 2006)

From Tempo’s monitoring, the refugees came continuously by trucks, public transportations and motorcycles. They straightaway occupied the market, kiosks and stalls by spreading out mats and pillow for sleeping.

Government officials appeared to be busy preparing mass kitchens and supplying rice, instant noodles, cooking oil and other needs. “We took the food from Sidoarjo Social Service”, said Syaiful Illah. “There hasn’t been any aid provided by Lapindo”. In the mean time, the National team for mudflow relief in Sidoarjo has not been able to block mudflow in the gas pipe explosion

This quiz is created to know how well you comprehend report text.

Read the following text then try to answer! choose the correct answer!

Bees are insect. There are about 20,000 species or kinds of bees. They live everywhere in the world except on high mountains, in the Arctic and Antarctic, and on some small islands in the ocean.

Some bees are as small as 0.08 inc (2 millimetres). However, some bees are as big as 1.6 inches (4 centimetres). Bees come in many colours; black, gray, yellow, red, green or blue. Most bees live alone. They are called solitary bees. Meanwhile, some bees live in groups called colonies. They are social bees.

Bees have three pairs of legs and four wings. Like all insects, they have a head, chest and abdomen. They have mouthparts and a tongue for collecting nectar. They carry nectar in an organ called a honey stomach.

Moreover, bees have special wings that let them fly like a helicopter. They can fly backward, forward, sideways or stay in one place in the air.

In addition, bees have three regular eyes and two compound eyes. Their compound eyes have many lenses. Furthermore, bees can see colours and patterns. This helps them find flowers.
1) The text above describes about …
a) the place of bee
b) the eyes of bee
c) the color of bee
d) the body part of bee
e) the bees

2) The general classification can be found in … paragraph.
a) 1st
b) 2nd
c) 3rd
d) 4th
e) 5th
3) Which of the following statement is TRUE?
a) Bee can live together and alone
b) the wing of bee let the bee only move in one side
c) The sting can help bee to find flowers
d) the regular eyes of bee have many lenses
e) The honey stomach is for collecting nectar
4) “They can fly backward, forward, sideways or stay in one place in the air”. The word “they” refers to …
a) colones
b) mouthparts
c) bees
d) helicopters
e) wings
5) The description of bees can be found in … paragraph.
a) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2, 3, 4 and 5
c) 2, 3 and 4
d) 1 and 5
e) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
-----------------------
the key answer:
1. d
2. a
3. a
4. e
5. b

Report

Reports are used for many purposes. They are to provide information about natural and non-natural phenomena, to document, to organize and store factual information on a topic, to classify and describe the phenomena about a whole class of things –living and non living, to describe the way things are. Reports can be used in textbooks, encyclopedias, scientific magazines, historical texts, factual reading books, reference books, classroom lesson, environment program, TV documentaries, magazines etc. a report text has its own generic structure. It has two components namely (1) general classification, (2) description.
Reports are principally not the same as descriptions although they can be used interchangeable.

A.Generic Structure of Report:

1.General Classification : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is
2.Descriptions : tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of: Parts (and their function), Qualities and Habits or behaviour
Notes:
1. Difference between reports and descriptions: Repots classify and describe a whole class of things e.g. “Houses”. By contrast, descriptive texts talk about on specific person, place or thing e.g. “My houses”. In short, reports deal with general classification and description of a thing while descriptions describe a particular thing.
2. The description can cover the facts about various aspects of the object (colour, shape, habits, behaviour etc), giving examples, comparing and contrasting, describing components and their functions.
B. Generic Features of Report
1. Report texts usually used Simple Present Tense, and seldom use past tenses (if the thing is extinct)
2. The language is neutral or should be objective: no expression of opinions, no reference to the reader (not using “I”, “we” or “you”).
3. Frequent use of “Passive Sentence”.
4. Use of “be”: is, am, are, was, were for the classification.
5. Use of verb “have”: have, has, had, in order to give detail description.
6. Use of action verbs related to the topic, especially when describing behaviours.
7. Use of adjectives in describing especially the qualities.
8. Often accompanied by photos, diagrams, maps and illustrations.
Now read this text of Report!

What is Apiculture?

General Classification
Apiculture is also called a bee-farming, the cultivation of bees on a commercial scale for the production of honey. Royal jelly and bee pollen are the other products of it. There are many species of bee. Some of them are Apis Cerana, Apis Dorsata, Apis florae and Apis Malifera. Among those species, Apis Malifera is the most productive and the easiest to be cultivated.
Description
A bee colony consists of one queen, a lot of worker bees and some drones, stingless male bees in a colony of social bees (especially honeybees) whose sole function is to mate with the queen. Each group has its specific duty. The queen, for example, only lays eggs, the drones have duty to copulate the queen, and the workers have to take care of the queen, drones and larvae. They are also responsible for seeking flowers and nectar.
Description
To obtain good production, the farmers have to be able to provide the most productive flowers nearby the cultivation or they have to travel through forests, bushes, and plantations to find them. The best flowers can produce ample material for bee products. Many people like to consume honey because it is believed to give benefit for health, The Holy Koran says that the bee stomach produces some liquid that is very beneficial for human health.

Volcanoes

General Classification
A volcano is a mountain which is formed by the eruption of material from the earth’s interior through a central opening or groups of openings. Volcanoes are scattered over the world. Volcanoes can be divided into three categories based on volcano forms and type of volcanic activities. They are Shield, Composite and Explosion volcanoes
Description
A shield volcano is formed chiefly of layers of basalt (a dark, heavy lava). A few shield volcanoes are composed of andesite ( a related, less dense type of lava).
Description
A composite volcano has more frequent and violent explosive eruptions than shield volcanoes do. Lava may be extruded from either central crater or fissures on a volcano’s sides.
Description
Explosion volcanoes are composed of inclined layers of pyroclastic debris and contain no lava. During the eruption, debris is ejected from the crater. Most explosion volcanoes are formed during one period of eruption
To make it clear, please remember the concept of Report text below!

REPORT

Social Function:
To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.
Schematic Structure:
General statement/ classification: introduces the topic of the reports
Description : provide details of topic such as physical appearance, behaviour, landform and uses (typically organized in paragraph)
Notes:
1. Simple Present Tense is mostly used in the report text either in active sentences or in passive sentences.
2.The use of Relational process, such as: is, consist of, function as, derive from, to be classified into, to be identified as etc.
3.The use of special nouns that denotes the characteristics of the thing such as: features, forms, functions, species etc.
4.The use of special technical terms such as: the parts of the body (e.g: brain, vein, vascular), the parts of the tree (e.g: stem, root, leaf, branch), the parts of machine (e.g: gear, screw, bolt etc).
5.No temporal sequences are used. If there is (e.g: first, second, third, the last etc). it only indicates numbering not an event